Gain of Function

How a small number of risky experiments creates many unwieldy problems for life science research. The life sciences have never been more critical to human health, wealth, and security. But with any endeavor comes risk, and the last decade has seen concerns raised about gain-of function-research in which a microbe, usually a virus, is given new properties like enhanced lethality, transmissibility, or the capability to infect new species. In 2021 the term seeped into the tabloids when a conflict between Senator Rand Paul and Dr. Anthony Fauci arose over the origins of COVID-19. In Gain of Function, Nicholas Evans—who has spent his career studying gain-of-function research—describes what this kind of research is, what it isn’t, and why a small number of scientific experiments continues to make headlines. Evans begins with a description of what gain-of-function research is in science, and what it means in government policy. He tells the story of the original papers that sparked