Illegal Mining of Critical Minerals

<p><span>This book explores illegal mining in the context of the growing global demand for critical minerals and energy transitions. It examines how illegal mining operates across complex supply chains shaped by weak governance, contested jurisdictions, and global market pressures. Rather than viewing illegal mining as a marginal activity, this book situates it within a broader framework of “crimes in the mineral sector,” encompassing criminal activities, human rights violations, and environmental harm.</span></p>