Manufacturin Process Techniques for the Cosmetic Industry

<p>Part 13 Cosmetic Manufacturing</p><p>Part 13.1 Cosmetic Manufacturing Processes</p><p>Editor: Bruce Victor</p><p>Contributors:</p><p>Donald S. Buell Este Lauder Companies, Inc.</p><p>Rose Khosravani Este Lauder Companies, Inc.</p><p>Doug J. Melenkevitz Este Lauder Companies, Inc.</p><p>Bruce L. Victor Este Lauder Companies, Inc.</p><p>David P. Yacko Este Lauder Companies, Inc.</p><p>Meyer R. Rosen Interactive Consulting, Inc.</p><p>Table of Contents:</p><p> </p><p>13.1 Introduction</p><p> </p><p>13.1.2 Unit Operations</p><p> </p><p>a. Mixing</p><p>1. Quality of Mixing</p><p>2. Mixing Rheology</p><p>3. Heat Transfer</p><p>4. Types of Reactors and Their Use in Cosmetics</p><p>5. Emulsion Processing EquipmentHeat Transfer</p><p> </p><p>13.1.3.1 Wet SystemsSingle Phase (Miscible) Systems </p><p> </p><p>a. Flow Patterns: Fluids with Low or Medium Viscosity (< 5,000 centipoise)</p><p>b. Impellers for Liquids of Low and Medium Viscosity</p><p>c. Power Consumption</p><p>d. Pumping Capacity and Velocity Head</p><p>e. Mixing Time</p><p>f. Influence of Vessel Shape</p><p>g. Flow Patterns: Fluids of High Viscosity</p><p>h. Impeller Types and Mixers for High-Viscosity Fluids</p><p> </p><p>13.1.3.2 Wet Systems - Multiphase Systems</p><p> </p><p>a. The Emulsification Process</p><p>b. Orientation of Phases</p><p>c. Addition of Surfactant</p><p>d. Emulsion Temperature</p><p>e. Emulsion Processing Equipment - Mixing</p><p>f. High-Shear Mixers and Dispersion Equipment</p><p>g. Batch Homogenizers</p><p>h. Continuous High-Pressure Homogenizers and Mixers</p><p>i. Processing of Water in Silicone Emulsions</p><p>j. Liposome Production</p><p> </p><p>13.1.3.3 Wet SystemsLiquidSolid Systems</p><p>a. Suspension of Solids</p><p>b. Milling Equipment</p><p>c. Colloid Mills</p><p>d. Ball Mills</p><p>e. Three-Roll Mills</p><p> </p><p>13.1.4 Filling </p><p>a. Filling Parameters</p><p>b. Filling Machines</p><p>c. Filling Low-Viscosity Products (Lotions, Toners, Liquid Makeups)</p><p>d. Filling High-Viscosity Products (Creams, Mascaras, Masks)</p><p>e. FillingTraditional Lotion Products</p><p>f. Filling Shear-Sensitive Products</p><p>g. Filling Shampoos, Conditioners, CleansersProducts That Aerate</p><p>h. Packaging Lines</p><p>i. Warm and Hot FillsCreams and Dispersions</p><p>j. Warm and Hot FillsGodet Products</p><p>k. Warm and Hot FillsLipsticks, Lip Balms, Suppositories</p><p>l. Antiperspirants and Deodorants</p><p> </p><p>13.1.5 Scale-Up</p><p>a. Agitation</p><p>b. High-Shear Mixing</p><p>c. Heat Transfer</p><p>d. Mass Transfer</p><p> </p><p>13.1.6 Dry Systems</p><p>a. Blending Equipment </p><p>b. Shearing Equipment</p><p>c. Alternatives to the Hammer Mill</p><p>d. Batch Color Correction</p><p>e. Powder Grinds for Creams and Lotions BatchesDry Mix</p><p>f. Loose Powders</p><p>g. Filling Loose Powders</p><p>h. Filling Pressed Powders</p><p>i. Powder Scale-Up Batch</p><p> </p><p>13.1.7.1 Wet Continuous Process</p><p>a. Emulsion Products Requiring Cooling</p><p>b. Emulsion Hair Conditioners</p><p>c. Hair Gels</p><p>d. Scale-Up of Continuous Systems</p><p>e. Production Design Considerations</p><p> </p><p>13.1.7.2 Dry Continuous Processing</p><p>Bulk Powder Storage</p><p>Part 13.2</p><p>Cold-Process Emulsification Producing Sub-Micron Dispersions:</p><p>Formulation and Aesthetic Enhancement of Cosmetic and OTC Products</p><p>13.2.1 Contemporary Cosmetics</p><p>a. The Future</p><p>b. Properties of Emulsions</p><p>c. Issues with Emulsions</p>