Climate Change and Agroforestry: Adaptation, Mitigation and Livelihood Security

Natural climate change is a gradual process that takes millions of years and has made our planet habitable for living organisms. It is not limited to a particular country or continent, as evidenced by droughts in Texas and flooding along the Missouri River in the United States, as well as along the Red River in Canada. Climate change presents various challenges and interacts with numerous non-climatic stressors, making it difficult to predict its consequences in a general sense, other than the threats it poses to agriculture. Agroforestry can increase the level of diversity within agricultural lands, supporting numerous ecological and production services that bring resilience to the impact of climate change mitigation and adaptation. Climate change risk management is challenging in annual cropping systems due to the increasing uncertainty of inter-annual variability in rainfall and temperature. Mixing woody trees with crops, forage, and livestock operations provides greater resilience